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Hi everyone - Dennis Andrucyk -
Goddard Center Director. I'd

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like to thank you all for
joining me and celebrating

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International Observe the Moon
Night. It's truly a great event,

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and to taking a look up and
seeing 250,000 miles away our

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own Moon and understanding what
it means to us. I'll tell you

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what, as a kid when I was nine
years old when the Apollo 11

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landed on the surface of the
Moon and Neil Armstrong took

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that first giant leap for
humankind - it was an

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inspirational event. But at the
time though I didn't fully

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appreciate what it meant. I
didn't realize 250,000 miles

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away there are people up on the
Moon - all I could think about

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is - how did they get there? And
more importantly how do they we

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gonna get them back? Sure enough
they did come back safely though

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and - it inspired me to think
about what the Moon does mean

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what it can mean and what it
will mean in the future. For

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many years though I wasn't sure
what science we could actually

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derive from the Moon or what
benefit we could derive from the

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Moon. But I'll tell you what, in
recent years scientists have

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proven that there's ice there.
We look towards - look towards

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the Moon to understand it -
understand what it means to our

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Earth - to look to see if we can
do - in situ resource

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utilization. Perhaps make fuel
with it through the Artemis

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program and to expand the
presence of humans to the Moon

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and then on to Mars. Truly truly
a great great opportunity for

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us. So the Moon means a whole
heck of a lot heck of a lot to

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me - and I know it means a whole
heck of a lot to the entire

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world. It's a great celestial
And I'm happy to really be a

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part of this event today. You
know, over the years there have

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been songs, poems, plays, books
and all sorts of artistic

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endeavors talking about the Moon
- so now I'd like to introduce

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Anne Kinney, the Goddard Deputy
Center Director - and Anne is

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going to celebrate an artistic
work that was created by a

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friend of hers. And I think it's
very interesting as well. So

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please join me in welcoming Anne
Kinney. Thanks very much Dennis.

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I would like to share with you a
poem, written by a good friend

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of mine Rebecca Elson who was
both an astronomer and a poet -

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and wrote a poem called "What if
There Were No Moon?" This this

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poem is a wonderful combination
of the poetics of the Moon

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together with the science of the
Moon, if you will, and in the

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background you can hear a
wonderful piece of music called

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"Claire de Lune - Light of the
Moon" played by Debussy himself

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the composer. So, what if there
were no Moon there would be no

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months, a still sea, no spring
tides, no bright nights,

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occultation of the stars, no
face no moon songs. Terror of

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eclipse - no place to stand and
watch the Earth rise. So the

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Moon means a great deal to us
and Dennis and I hope you will

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enjoy this celebration of our
dear near neighbor the Moon.

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[Music]

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The Moon. It’s our nearest neighbor
in space, and data we gather

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from its features can tell us a
lot about the rest of our solar

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system. And through the eyes of
the LRO spacecraft, we can

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explore the lunar surface in all
new ways in fascinating detail.

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Our tour begins on the western
border, where the near side of

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the Moon meets the far side. The
enormous feature is a lunar

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crater and it’s known as the
Orientale basin. Here, LRO’s

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terrain map combines with
surface gravity measurements

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from the GRAIL mission. This
data reveals structure in the

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lunar crust, beneath the
surface, giving us a window into

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the geologic features of the
Moon’s interior. Our next

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location receives little direct
sunlight and has some of the

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coldest recorded temperatures in
the solar system – the South

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Pole. The highlighted spots
signify potential water ice,

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based on temperature readings
from LRO’s Diviner instrument

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and reflectance from its laser
altimeter LOLA. LOLA also allows

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us to peer into the darkness of
Shackleton crater by bringing us

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this digital elevation model.
It’s 21 kilometers wide, and 4

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kilometers deep, but it pales in
comparison to the largest known

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impact crater in the Earth-Moon
system – the South Pole-Aitken

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Basin. Sitting on the far side,
it’s 2500 km across and 13 km

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deep. We don’t yet know exactly
how old the basin is, but it was

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first seen in the 1960s by
spacecraft flying around the far

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side. As much as we use LRO data
to investigate areas we can’t

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see from Earth, we also probe
familiar territory on the lunar

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near side, to bring back images
with an all new level of detail.

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This is Tycho crater; it’s
around 100 million years old.

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Here, the Lunar Reconnaissance
orbiter camera captures the

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central peak with a 100
meter-wide bolder at the summit

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– the origins of which are still
a mystery. Continuing across

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Moon’s nearside, we will arrive
in an area ripe for future

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exploration, due to the
diversity of impact and volcanic

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materials. It features a
prominent crater so bright it’s

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not only visible through
telescopes, but also to the

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naked eye. Welcome to the
Aristarchus plateau. Here,

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infrared shows the mineral
pyroxene in orange, and a splash

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of plagioclase in blue from
Aristarchus crater. This region

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can tell us a lot about the rich
volcanic history of the Moon. As

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much as we study the Moon
looking for sites to visit, we

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also look back at places we’ve
already been. This is because

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the new data that LRO is
gathering helps us reinterpret

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the geology of familiar places,
giving scientists a better

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understanding of the sequence of
events in early lunar history.

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Here, we descend to the Apollo
17 landing site in the

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Taurus-Littrow valley, which is
deeper than the Grand Canyon.

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The path the astronauts took
over the course of three days is

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shown. The Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter camera is even able to

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capture a view of the bottom
half of the Apollo 17 Lunar

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Lander, which still sits on the
surface, as well as the rover

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vehicle. These images help
preserve our accomplishment of

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human exploration on the Moon’s
surface. Moving onward, we make

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our way to our final
destination. This location

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contains regions that exist in
permanent shadow, as well as

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ones that bask in nearly
perpetual light. It’s the North

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Pole. Detailed terrain
measurements by LOLA allow

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scientists to model sunlight and
shadow at the poles over decades

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and centuries. Sunlit peaks and
crater rims here may be ideal

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locations for generating solar
power for future expeditions to

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the Moon. This updated
visualization of the lunar

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landscape stands as a testament
to the functionality and

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abilities of the Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter

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spacecraft. And as the mission
continues to gather data, it

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will provide us with many more
opportunities to take a tour of

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our Moon.

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[beeping]

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[Music]

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♪ Have you ever wanted
to fly among the stars? To see ♪

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♪ up close what we could only see
from afar. Come on let’s go your ♪

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♪ dreams are possible. We can fly
far away from here. Defying ♪

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♪ gravity we’ll soar beyond the
atmosphere. We will see things ♪

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♪ we've never seen before. We’ll
open up a door to a new world ♪

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♪ and go explore the Moon and so
much more. ♪

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[music]

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♪ I remember dreaming ♪

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♪ that I could take flight - to
chase forever into the heart of ♪

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♪ the night. Above it all, the
world's so small. We can fly far ♪

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♪ away from here. Defying gravity
we'll soar beyond the ♪

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♪ atmosphere. We will see things
we've never seen before - ♪

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♪ open up a door to a new world and go
explore, the Moon there's so much ... ♪

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♪ more that we have yet
to see, much more to understand. ♪

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♪ But the time is here and now.
After all we're just one speck ♪

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♪ of sand in this universe of
ours. We can fly far away from ♪

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♪ here. Defying gravity we'll soar
beyond the atmosphere (yyyeah) ♪

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♪ We can see things we've never
seen before. We'll open up a ♪

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♪ door to a new world and go
explore - the Moon and so much more. ♪♪

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[music]

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Hey - I'm Jacob Richardson
at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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and I'm a planetary
Geologist, and I study

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volcanoes. NASA studies
volcanoes because not only are

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volcanoes actively erupting
every day on the Earth, but

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there are also hundreds and
thousands of volcanoes on all

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sorts of planets around the
solar system and maybe even

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beyond to other solar systems.
So today I’ll show you a

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demonstration where you can
safely erupt your own small

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volcano inside your home. And to
start, let's look at what a

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volcano is. So, since I study
volcanoes I've drawn one for you

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here on this piece of paper and
you can see that volcanoes are

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often mountains and they often
have holes in the center. So

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let's look at the inside of this
volcano. Here I’ve drawn the

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volcanic vent. This is the
pathway filled with magma where

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magma goes from the inside of a
planet to the outside - and you

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can see it's erupting right now.
So this is our model that we

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have here. And magma is made up
of three different things: We

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have molten rock, we have solid
rock, and we have gas. And all

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of these inside of a volcanic
vent that we have as our cup are

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all mixed together waiting to
erupt. So here we have a film

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canister that will represent the
volcanic gas that's inside of

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the magma in our demonstration.
Now when magma comes up closer

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to the surface of any planet,
the gas expands, and when it

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gets very close to the surface
expands very quickly and that

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causes explosive eruptions. So
in this demonstration we need to

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fill this with a gas that will
expand until the film canister

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will break apart.

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[explosion sound]

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What you'll need for this demonstration are

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safety goggles, some film
canisters - we got ours on the

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internet - and some alka-seltzer
tablets or effervescence

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tablets, some spare change -
also some table tennis balls, a

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clear plastic cup, and some
water. All right - so first

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we'll put on our safety goggles.
And now that we have these on we

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can begin doing some science. So
I'll take one of these film

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canisters, and to weigh it down
I’ll load it up with our spare

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change. This will just add
weight so it doesn't go flying

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during this experiment. Now I’m
going to take our volcanic vent

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and put it in the center of the
table, and move everything else

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a little far away from it. And I
have my solids ready to go to

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put into the volcano right
before it erupts. So, to make

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the gas we're going to use
effervescing tablets, and we're

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also going to use some water. So
I’m going to fill this film

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canister up with just a little
bit of water - maybe halfway

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would be fine. The next part's a
little quick. We're just going

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to add this tablet into this
film canister and close it up

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good and tight and put it inside
of our volcanic vent facing up.

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And then we're going to put the
ping pong balls right on top of

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that, and stand back and watch.
Let's do it.

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[popping sounds]

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So there you have it -

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your own volcanic eruption.

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[eruption sounds]

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So now let's do this just a little bit bigger.

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How about a
trash can volcano?

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[explosion sounds]

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So in this trash can volcano
everything will be a little bit bigger.

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Instead of a plastic cup we'll
use a plastic trash can. Instead

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of ping pong balls for the solid
rock, we'll use wiffle balls.

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And now we'll add some water for
the molten rock for the gas

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instead of a film canister we're
going to upgrade to an empty

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soda pop bottle. And instead of
effervescence tablets and water,

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we're actually going to be using
liquid nitrogen in this to make

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the eruption. Liquid nitrogen is
really cold and we're going to

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use these gloves which are
insulated to protect our hands

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from any exposure to that. All
right we're ready to get

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started. And to get some help
I’ve enlisted my NASA colleague

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Caela Barry to help me pour this
liquid nitrogen into our soda

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pop bottle. Are you ready?
Ready!

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[explosion sounds]

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So the science demonstrations

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00:22:06,133 --> 00:22:10,000
that you saw today are exactly
the same thing that happens in

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volcanoes on Earth, and in the
ancient pasts of the Moon and

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Mars and maybe present-day
Venus. Now what happens in the

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volcano to make it explosive is
that the gas very quickly

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expands, and that creates some
sort of a bubble that sometimes

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bursts and makes these explosive
eruptions. So, in other planets

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where they have thicker or
thinner atmospheres, that can

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make explosions smaller or
bigger. And that's what we study

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here at NASA Goddard.

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[music]

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Welcome,
I’d like to talk to you today

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about geology and art. My name
is Sarah Noble and I’m a lunar

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00:22:57,700 --> 00:23:01,266
geologist and also an artist.
Here I am in the desert playing

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with some Moon rovers and this
is one of my paintings. At its

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most basic level, art can be
broken down into just five

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elements: shape, line, color,
value, and texture. For the most

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part, these are the same clues
that geologists use when we look

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at images of other planets to
understand what is happening and

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what processes have shaped the
planet’s surface. Let’s take a

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closer look at each of these
elements. The first one is

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shape. The most common shape we
find across the Solar System are

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circles. These often indicate
impact craters. There is a lot

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of stuff floating around our
Solar System and sometimes bits

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run into other bits and leave
behind these scars. This crater

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– Linne Crater – on the Moon, is
one of my favorites, because

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it’s so perfectly round. But not
all craters are. Here is an

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image from the surface of
Callisto, one of Jupiter’s

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moons, and you can see that most
of the craters here are

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round-ish, but they aren’t
perfectly round. Things like the

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angle of impact, the existing
topography, the underlying

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structure, and post-impact
slumping and modifications can

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all influence the exact shape.
You will find things though that

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are definitely not round. Blobby
shapes usually indicate

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volcanoes, like in this image of
Ina D, it’s one of a mysterious

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class of lunar volcanic features
called “IMPs” – irregular mare patches.

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IMPs are a hot topic
among lunar geologists today,

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some think these features are
ancient, billions of years old,

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while others thing that they are
really young, only tens of

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millions of years old. That’s
really young to a geologist.

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Figuring out which is true will
have big implications for how we

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think the Moon cooled, because
up until recently we thought

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that all volcanism on the Moon
stopped about a billion years ago.

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Sometimes blob shapes can
indicate lakes, but we don’t

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have any of those on our Moon.
There is one moon in our Solar

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System that does though, it’s
Titan. Titan is one of Saturn’s

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moons. If you look at it with
your naked eye, it just looks

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like a big orange ball because
it has this thick hazy

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atmosphere. But, if you look at
it in certain wavelengths, you

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can see through the haze and
below it are these amazing

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lakes. They’re not filled with
water, like our lakes on Earth,

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it is way too cold out there for
liquid water. Instead they are

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filled with liquid methane. But
we think that Titan has a

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methane cycle that works just
like our water cycle, with

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clouds and rain and streams and
lakes. Pretty cool. Okay, moving

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on to Line. Lines come in two
basic varieties, straight and

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curvy. Straight lines are often
a sign of tectonic activity,

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like these awesome faults and
fractures on Pluto’s moon

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00:25:41,166 --> 00:25:44,600
Charon. Whereas, curvy lines
usually suggest something is

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flowing, like a meandering
stream, or a lava flow. We do

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have lines on the Moon from
tectonic activities, they are

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smaller and not quite as
impressive as the ones on

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Charon. These little faults are
called “wrinkle ridges” and we

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find them all over the Moon.
Some of them, like the ones

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shown here, are really young.
How do we know they are young?

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Well, can you see how they cut
through most of the craters in

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this image? That means that the
crater had to already be there

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when the ridge formed, which
means the ridge is younger. We

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think that these ridges may be
forming even today. The Moon is

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still cooling, and as it cools
it shrinks, these ridges are the

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result of that contraction.
Okay, color. Color also comes in

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00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:31,900
two varieties, true color and
added. “True color” means what

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your eye would see if you looked
through a big telescope, or

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visited in person. Here are some
true color images of Jupiter’s

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00:26:38,166 --> 00:26:41,166
biggest moons. Isn’t it amazing
that they are all so different

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from each other? The Moon’s true
color is pretty boring, it

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00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,433
really is pretty much just
shades of grey. But as

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geologists, we often use color
to help us visualize things.

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Like the image on the left here
uses color to represent

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different kinds of mineralogy to
help us understand what the

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variation in composition is
across the Moon’s surface. On

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00:27:01,266 --> 00:27:04,833
the right, the colors represent
topography, reds and yellows are

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00:27:04,833 --> 00:27:11,300
high points, blues and purples
are low. So here is one

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place where artists and
geologist’s use different words.

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00:27:14,566 --> 00:27:17,833
Artists use the term “value”
while geologists have their own

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00:27:17,833 --> 00:27:21,866
word, “albedo,” but they pretty
much mean the same thing, how

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00:27:21,866 --> 00:27:25,566
light or dark something is. The
Moon has some great examples of

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00:27:25,566 --> 00:27:28,233
this. Here are a couple of
beautiful impact craters on the

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00:27:28,233 --> 00:27:32,033
Moon, look at the amazing
patterns of light and dark. This

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00:27:32,033 --> 00:27:34,900
happens because the Moon is
exposed to the space environment

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00:27:34,900 --> 00:27:38,100
which causes the surface to get
darker over time, but when you

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00:27:38,100 --> 00:27:41,366
get an impact, it pulls up fresh
material from below that’s still

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00:27:41,366 --> 00:27:44,266
bright. These are fresh craters,
but over time, these bright

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00:27:44,266 --> 00:27:50,200
patterns will fade away. The
Moon also has these other cool

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00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,466
patterns, called “swirls” that
are like my favorite thing.

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00:27:53,466 --> 00:27:56,400
Aren’t they beautiful? They’re
also mysterious. We don’t know

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00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:59,200
what causes these to form. We
know that it is related to

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00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:01,666
magnetic fields in the rocks
below them, but we don’t know

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00:28:01,666 --> 00:28:06,833
what caused the magnetic fields,
or why the patterns appear.

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00:28:06,833 --> 00:28:09,600
Okay, our last element is
texture, which is a bit hard to

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00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:13,466
show in two dimensions. Texture
is the quality of the surface.

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00:28:13,466 --> 00:28:17,200
Is it rough, is it smooth? What
do you think of the textures in

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00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:20,500
these images from the Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera?

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00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:22,633
Can you imagine what it would it
feel like to walk across these

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00:28:22,633 --> 00:28:27,866
surfaces in bare feet? So that’s
it, we covered all five

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00:28:27,866 --> 00:28:31,000
elements. I hope you learned a
little bit about lunar geology

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00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:32,966
tonight, and I hope I inspired
you to create some of your own

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00:28:32,966 --> 00:28:35,800
lunar art. I wanted to end by
sharing a couple of my

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00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:41,866
paintings, so you can see how I
use shape, line, color, value,

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00:28:41,866 --> 00:28:45,666
and texture to interpret the
Moon. The top one of these is of

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00:28:45,666 --> 00:28:48,166
one of those lunar swirls we
just talked about, and you can

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00:28:48,166 --> 00:28:51,400
see how I used value -
highlights and shading, to give

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00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,233
the crater some dimension and
texture, and to make it seem

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00:28:54,233 --> 00:28:57,600
three-dimensional. The bottom
painting is a more abstracted

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00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,966
landscape and you can see how I
used line and color to focus the

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00:29:00,966 --> 00:29:04,466
viewer’s attention on the oasis
that is the Earth hovering over

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00:29:04,466 --> 00:29:08,766
the alien landscape of the
Moon’s surface. Now it’s your

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00:29:08,766 --> 00:29:11,900
turn. Go forth and make some
art. And if you are so inclined,

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00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:13,833
please share it with us, I would
love to see what your

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00:29:13,833 --> 00:29:15,600
imaginations unleash!

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00:30:15,566 --> 00:30:08,933
[music]

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00:30:15,566 --> 00:30:17,833
Watching Apollo footage of astronauts

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00:30:17,833 --> 00:30:21,233
doing geology on the surface of
the Moon is a really great way

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00:30:21,233 --> 00:30:24,733
to think about preparing for
Artemis - for putting people on

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00:30:24,733 --> 00:30:29,966
the Lunar surface once again. We
learn a lot in how they did

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00:30:29,966 --> 00:30:32,366
science operations on the Moon
and what it's like to work on

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00:30:32,366 --> 00:30:35,333
the Moon. You see them doing
geology, you see them taking

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00:30:35,333 --> 00:30:38,966
rock samples, putting in a drive
tube to take a core sample. You

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00:30:38,966 --> 00:30:41,866
see them bouncing along the
surface of the Moon on the Lunar

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00:30:41,866 --> 00:30:45,333
rover that they used in Apollo
15 through 17. So it's a great

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00:30:45,333 --> 00:30:48,733
way to help drive technology
development for the next

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00:30:48,733 --> 00:30:52,400
generation of spacesuits and
geology sampling tools. There's

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00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:56,566
these facilities that help us
train like we are on the Lunar

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00:30:56,566 --> 00:31:01,100
surface. You know these
one-sixth G offload systems or

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00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:04,466
putting people in the aquatic
environment are great ways to

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00:31:04,466 --> 00:31:07,933
train the mobility part, right,
like what can you do and how

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00:31:07,933 --> 00:31:11,800
different does it feel to be in
one-sixth G and do these tasks.

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00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:15,033
We've been training astronauts
in geology and geoscience for

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00:31:15,033 --> 00:31:18,366
decades now. The Apollo
astronauts had literally

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00:31:18,366 --> 00:31:21,433
hundreds of hours of training in
geology before they flew to the

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00:31:21,433 --> 00:31:24,300
Moon. It's often said that the
Apollo astronauts had the

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00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:27,333
equivalent of a Master's degree
in geology by the time they flew

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00:31:27,333 --> 00:31:30,733
to the Moon. In the intervening
decades since Apollo, we've been

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00:31:30,733 --> 00:31:34,100
training astronauts who fly to
the International Space Station

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00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:36,900
because when they're on
the ISS they spend time observing

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00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:39,900
the Earth. Looking out the
window, taking pictures of what

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00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:43,100
they see on the Earth's surface.
Now that we're looking at

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00:31:43,100 --> 00:31:45,466
putting astronauts on the
surface of the Moon, we also

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00:31:45,466 --> 00:31:48,800
take them into the field. We
take them to field sites here on

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00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:52,266
Earth that resemble field sites
that we expect them to see on

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00:31:52,266 --> 00:31:55,300
the Moon. That's the reason why
we take them out into places

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00:31:55,300 --> 00:32:00,133
that are unique like volcanic
landscapes or places that are

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00:32:00,133 --> 00:32:03,633
analogous to the Lunar surface
to train them on the scale and

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00:32:03,633 --> 00:32:07,666
fidelity of science that you
just can't recreate in these

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00:32:07,666 --> 00:32:10,433
facilities. And so by combining
this classroom and field

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00:32:10,433 --> 00:32:12,766
training, we're able to prep
them for fundamentals of

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00:32:12,766 --> 00:32:16,133
geology, the major driving Lunar
science questions that we have

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00:32:16,133 --> 00:32:18,966
that we hope to address with the
Artemis Program, and teaching

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00:32:18,966 --> 00:32:22,366
them how to do field work in
relevant, analogue environments.

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00:32:22,366 --> 00:32:26,233
For just science aspects of
developing new spacesuits, can

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00:32:26,233 --> 00:32:30,533
it get you to where you need to
go? And once you get there, can

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00:32:30,533 --> 00:32:34,400
you do the cool science that you
need to do? And so that's: can

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00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,866
you move effectively and
efficiently in the suit to be

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00:32:37,866 --> 00:32:41,200
able to collect the samples or
use the tools or the

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00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:44,033
instruments? For the visibility,
it's like: can you make the

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00:32:44,033 --> 00:32:47,866
necessary observations that you
need to or, does the suit have

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00:32:47,866 --> 00:32:51,433
the lights on it that it needs
to illuminate the surface and

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00:32:51,433 --> 00:32:56,400
make the observations that you
need to? The Lunar South Pole

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00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:59,766
holds tremendous resources that
are going to allow us to

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00:32:59,766 --> 00:33:03,133
continue to explore. This is a
place that we've never been

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00:33:03,133 --> 00:33:06,500
before. There's so much to be
learned from getting boots on

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00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:10,100
the ground and exploring a
unique place that challenges us

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00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:14,533
as humans and also helps us
develop technologies that make

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00:33:14,533 --> 00:33:17,933
our everyday life that much
better. We think there might be

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00:33:17,933 --> 00:33:21,366
volatiles present at the South
Pole. By using these volatiles,

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00:33:21,366 --> 00:33:24,333
we'll be able to do thinks like:
create drinking water, create

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00:33:24,333 --> 00:33:26,933
rocket fuel to launch astronauts
back to Earth. And so by

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00:33:26,933 --> 00:33:29,833
harnessing the power of the
land, we'll be able to help

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00:33:29,833 --> 00:33:33,533
astronauts establish that
long-term sustainable presence.

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00:33:33,533 --> 00:33:42,633
[music]

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00:33:42,633 --> 00:33:45,500
It's human nature to explore -
pushing our boundaries and

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00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:48,566
exploring our universe is, I
think, just one of those things

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00:33:48,566 --> 00:33:52,300
that's just stuck in our human
nature - and we need to do it in

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00:33:52,300 --> 00:33:55,433
order to understand the world
around us - including our Earth

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00:33:55,433 --> 00:33:59,066
and our Solar System.

390
00:34:07,266 --> 00:34:08,933
Hi everyone. Welcome again to

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00:34:08,933 --> 00:34:11,966
International Observe the Moon
Night. I am Dr. Casey Honniball

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00:34:11,966 --> 00:34:14,266
and I would like to tell you
about my search for water on the

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00:34:14,266 --> 00:34:17,933
Moon. So, with the Artemis program,
NASA will land the first woman

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00:34:17,933 --> 00:34:21,200
and next man on the Moon by year
2024 with the goal of building a

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00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:24,633
sustainable human presence. But
in order to do this we must

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00:34:24,633 --> 00:34:27,866
understand what and how much we
need to bring with us. The most

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00:34:27,866 --> 00:34:31,933
important thing for human life
is water. An astronaut cannot

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00:34:31,933 --> 00:34:34,100
survive on the Moon more than a
few days without drinkable

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00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:37,733
water. This water can also be broken
down to provide breathable

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00:34:37,733 --> 00:34:41,366
oxygen and to produce rocket
fuel allowing humanity to travel

401
00:34:41,366 --> 00:34:45,433
even farther into our Solar
System. But water is expensive

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00:34:45,433 --> 00:34:47,866
to launch to space and so
finding water on the Moon that

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00:34:47,866 --> 00:34:50,333
we can use is important for
building a sustainable human

404
00:34:50,333 --> 00:34:54,433
presence. Currently we do know
that water exists on the Moon from

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00:34:54,433 --> 00:34:58,400
observations with spacecraft,
telescopes, and Apollo samples.

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00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,333
But what we need to understand
is how much water is there and

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00:35:01,333 --> 00:35:05,400
how can we extract it? So you
may be wondering well how did

408
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:07,500
water get to the Moon in the
first place? Well there are a

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00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:11,300
few ways. One way is when the
Moon was first formed and before

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00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:15,166
it formed a solid surface comets
carrying water impacted the Moon

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00:35:15,166 --> 00:35:18,466
and left behind water in the
lunar interior. This internal

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00:35:18,466 --> 00:35:21,166
water would later be erupted
onto the surface of the Moon

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00:35:21,166 --> 00:35:25,900
through volcanic events. Another
way is that water is created on

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00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:28,566
the Moon through interactions of
solar wind with the lunar

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00:35:28,566 --> 00:35:32,066
surface. Solar wind is mainly made up
of hydrogen and when this

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00:35:32,066 --> 00:35:35,100
hydrogen hits the Moon it can
react with oxygen in lunar

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00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:40,100
minerals and form water. And one
other major way water can get to

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00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:43,100
the Moon Is through recent
meteorite impacts. Meteorites,

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00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:46,966
like comets can carry water to
the Moon or produce water during

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00:35:46,966 --> 00:35:52,833
an impact. But where can we find
this water? Well it could be

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00:35:52,833 --> 00:35:55,066
trapped inside permanently
shadowed regions at the lunar

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00:35:55,066 --> 00:35:57,400
poles that are super cold
because they never receive

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00:35:57,400 --> 00:36:02,066
any sunlight. At places like this
the water can be trapped as frost

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00:36:02,066 --> 00:36:06,200
like you might see on your grass
on a cold winter morning. Water

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00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,166
can also stick to the surfaces
of lunar grains as it hops

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00:36:09,166 --> 00:36:11,800
around on the hot lunar surface
looking for a colder place to

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00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:17,200
live or during a hop it could be
lost to space. Water from

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00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,633
inside the Moon can be
trapped in volcanic glasses from

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00:36:19,633 --> 00:36:24,000
when they erupted billions of
years ago. And lastly impacts

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00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:28,433
can store water in glass, like
an insect trapped in amber. When

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00:36:28,433 --> 00:36:31,666
a meteorite hits the Moon, it
melts some of the lunar surface,

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00:36:31,666 --> 00:36:34,966
and experiments have shown that the
water from the meteorite can be

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00:36:34,966 --> 00:36:39,500
trapped in the glass that forms
from the impact. So where this water

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00:36:39,500 --> 00:36:42,066
lives is important for
understanding how to extract the

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00:36:42,066 --> 00:36:48,266
water and use it as a resource.
So how do I study and look for

436
00:36:48,266 --> 00:36:51,700
hydration on the Moon? One way
is by looking at the Moon with

437
00:36:51,700 --> 00:36:55,666
the NASA infrared telescope
facility located in Hawaii shown

438
00:36:55,666 --> 00:36:59,666
in this top picture during a
lunar eclipse. Specifically, I

439
00:36:59,666 --> 00:37:02,700
look at the 3 micron infrared
wavelength that tells me if

440
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:06,933
water and its close cousin hydroxyl
are present. What we find when

441
00:37:06,933 --> 00:37:10,066
we look at this 3 micron band is
that it changes in strength with

442
00:37:10,066 --> 00:37:14,600
lunar time of day, latitude, and
composition. This indicates that

443
00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:18,266
the amount of hydration on the
Moon is changing. This image of

444
00:37:18,266 --> 00:37:21,366
the Moon in the bottom corner
shows in blue where we are

445
00:37:21,366 --> 00:37:24,333
seeing hydration and showing how
the hydration is changing with

446
00:37:24,333 --> 00:37:29,566
latitude. But there’s an issue
with 3 micron band in that it

447
00:37:29,566 --> 00:37:33,866
cannot distinguish between water
and hydroxyl. So in order

448
00:37:33,866 --> 00:37:36,900
to separate water and hydroxyl
we created a new method for

449
00:37:36,900 --> 00:37:40,466
detecting purely water on the
Moon. Instead of looking at the

450
00:37:40,466 --> 00:37:45,433
3 micron band we shift to 6
microns. Now this isn’t a big shift

451
00:37:45,433 --> 00:37:49,866
but at 6 microns water has a
unique spectral fingerprint.

452
00:37:49,866 --> 00:37:53,333
This technique is new to the
Moon but 6 micron water has been

453
00:37:53,333 --> 00:37:57,000
detected on Apollo samples,
meteorites, asteroids, and on

454
00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:01,633
Mars. 6 micron observations of
the Moon are hard though because

455
00:38:01,633 --> 00:38:05,166
the Earth’s atmosphere does not
allow light at 6 micron to reach

456
00:38:05,166 --> 00:38:08,433
ground-based telescopes and
currently because this is new to

457
00:38:08,433 --> 00:38:12,033
lunar science, there are no
existing or planned lunar

458
00:38:12,033 --> 00:38:17,266
spacecraft capable of 6 micron
observations of the Moon.

459
00:38:17,266 --> 00:38:21,066
So instead we are using the NASA
Stratospheric observatory for

460
00:38:21,066 --> 00:38:24,800
infrared astronomy or SOFIA to
make the first observations of

461
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:29,233
the Moon at 6 microns looking for
water. SOFIA is an airborne

462
00:38:29,233 --> 00:38:34,033
telescope flown on a Boeing 747
that flies at 45,000 feet. This

463
00:38:34,033 --> 00:38:36,800
picture on the left is me with
the SOFIA plane on my first

464
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:40,200
observing run, the middle is the
SOFIA plane at sunset, and the

465
00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:45,933
right picture is me observing
the Moon inside the SOFIA plane.

466
00:38:45,933 --> 00:38:49,600
So how do the IRTF and SOFIA
telescopes support the Artemis

467
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:53,133
program? With these two
telescopes we can map water and

468
00:38:53,133 --> 00:38:56,766
hydroxyl on the Moon. These maps
will allow us to estimate how

469
00:38:56,766 --> 00:39:00,633
much water versus hydroxyl is
present at different locations.

470
00:39:00,633 --> 00:39:04,000
One type of location that is of
particular interest is volcanic

471
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:06,633
deposits because they may
concentrate water that can be

472
00:39:06,633 --> 00:39:13,066
used as a resource. So my future
work will use the IRTF and SOFIA

473
00:39:13,066 --> 00:39:16,500
telescopes to look at these volcanic
deposits like the Aristarchus

474
00:39:16,500 --> 00:39:19,633
region shown here. Currently we
know that these volcanic

475
00:39:19,633 --> 00:39:23,100
deposits have high hydration
through 3 micron observations

476
00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:26,200
but like I said before at 3
microns we cannot distinguish

477
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:31,700
between water and hydroxyl. So with
the IRTF and SOFIA we can

478
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:34,933
separate water from hydroxyl.
The maps we create of the

479
00:39:34,933 --> 00:39:37,800
volcanic deposits will provide
insights into the amount of

480
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:42,833
water present and how to extract
it. If we find that these volcanic

481
00:39:42,833 --> 00:39:45,533
deposits on the Moon have high
abundance’s of water, these may

482
00:39:45,533 --> 00:39:50,500
become landing sites for the Artemis
crews. And the water that they find can be used

483
00:39:50,500 --> 00:39:55,633
by the astronauts. Thank you
again for attending

484
00:39:55,633 --> 00:39:58,600
International observe the Moon
Night!

485
00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:00,900
[music]

486
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:02,600
Fifty years ago we went

487
00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:07,733
to the Moon. We called it
Apollo. What many people don’t

488
00:40:07,733 --> 00:40:13,966
know is that Apollo had a twin.
She was a woman named Artemis.

489
00:40:13,966 --> 00:40:19,933
Goddess of the Moon. We are
returning to the Moon... as a

490
00:40:19,933 --> 00:40:24,733
new generation of explorers.
This time to stay. And to

491
00:40:24,733 --> 00:40:29,066
prepare, to achieve humanity’s
next giant leap, of sending the

492
00:40:29,066 --> 00:40:34,733
first human missions to Mars. We
believe our course will redefine

493
00:40:34,733 --> 00:40:37,400
what is possible. That we will
discover life-saving,

494
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,833
Earth-changing science. And that
the challenges ahead will

495
00:40:40,833 --> 00:40:46,366
inspire generations. This is our
manifest. For all who wondered

496
00:40:46,366 --> 00:40:52,133
if we could return ... For all
who dreamed of pressing beyond ...

497
00:40:52,133 --> 00:40:57,800
this is your calling!
We go, for all of America.

498
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:03,033
We go. We go, as the Artemis
generation.

499
00:41:05,100 --> 00:41:06,833
We Go!

500
00:41:11,700 --> 00:41:21,066
[music]

501
00:41:21,066 --> 00:41:23,033
♪ There you go, ♪

502
00:41:23,033 --> 00:41:29,333
♪ you got me believing in the
power of a moonlit night. ♪

503
00:41:29,333 --> 00:41:37,333
♪ All I know is you give me that feelin'
like I never want to tell you lies. ♪

504
00:41:37,333 --> 00:41:46,166
♪ And I just wanna take a
chance - never let go of your hand - ♪

505
00:41:46,166 --> 00:41:51,433
♪ travel to the stars and back
with you. ♪

506
00:41:51,433 --> 00:41:55,466
♪ On another moonlit night - ♪

507
00:41:55,466 --> 00:42:01,733
♪ Can you feel the magic
here tonight? The hours seem to fly - ♪

508
00:42:01,733 --> 00:42:08,733
♪ but hearts like yours and
mine, always beat in perfect time - ♪